Bias was assessed utilizing the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias instrument for randomised trials (ROB 2) for RCTs [43], Threat Of Bias In Non-randomised Research of Interventions (ROBINS-I) for quasi-experimental research [44], and Nationwide Coronary heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) High quality Evaluation Device for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Research [45] for cross-sectional research. The general risk-of-bias judgement for every research was summarised as low threat of bias if the research acquired the evaluation of “low threat” for all domains, and excessive threat of bias if the research was judged to be at excessive threat in at the least one area. Research with inadequate data to evaluate the danger of bias for some domains was categorised into “some considerations” (S1 Text and S10–S12 Tables).
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