A systematic review and network meta-analysis

In comparison with earlier meta-analyses that assessed the effectiveness of colour-coded labels and warning labels towards a management group (largely no labels) [25,31,41,46], we utilised the NMA methodology to discover the distinction within the effectiveness and indicators of psychological mechanisms of 1 sort of FOPL in comparison with one other. This supplied a deeper perception into the query of which is the optimum FOPL that may be utilized to every nation. Typically, our findings prompt that completely different FOPL varieties would possibly dominate completely different end result measures. NS carried out higher in nudging the acquisition of extra healthful merchandise than NW, whereas NW had the benefit in discouraging unhealthful buying behaviour. The underlying psychological mechanisms additionally differ throughout labels. Warning labels diminished the perceived healthfulness of unhealthful merchandise and remind customers to eat much less of unhealthful meals, whereas colour-coded labels enhanced the notion of healthfulness for extra healthful merchandise (Table 4 and S4 Table). Customers’ notion in the direction of labels differed throughout varieties as nicely. NW was recognised as simpler to know and improved the classification of nutrient content material (e.g., sugar and saturated fats) in comparison with TLS. In line with our NMA, TLS was thought of to offer extra enough data than NS, however the latter was recalled extra incessantly (see Results within the “Salience and visible consideration” part). The efficiency of colour-coded labels and warning labels on a number of dimensions make it mandatory for policy-makers to weigh execs and cons based on native context. For instance, in nations with excessive ranges of NCDs, which place a big burden on people and healthcare methods, and a meals system dominated by ultraprocessed meals and drinks, NW or HW may assist decrease supply-driven consumption as they’re identified to be simpler to interpret by customers, who can recognise that they’re utilized to unhealthful merchandise excessive in sugar, salt, and saturated fats [55,56].

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