Abbreviations:
CI,
confidence interval; FOPL,
front-of-package vitamin labelling; HW,
well being warning; NCD,
non communicable illness; NFt,
Vitamin Details desk; NMA,
community meta-analysis; NS,
Nutri-Rating; NW,
nutrient warning; OR,
odds ratio; PICOS,
inhabitants, intervention, comparator, end result, and research design; RCT,
randomised managed trial; RMD,
relative imply distinction; SE,
normal error; SIDE,
separate oblique from direct proof; TLS,
site visitors gentle labelling system; WHO,
World Well being Group; WTP,
willingness-to-pay
A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Introduction
Suboptimal diets, linked to meals environments that promote foods and drinks excessive in salt, sugar, and saturated fats, are a number one threat issue for demise and incapacity worldwide, resulting from their relationship with non communicable illnesses (NCDs) [1–6]. Almost 8 million deaths in 2019 had been attributable to dietary threat elements equivalent to excessive salt consumption and low wholegrain consumption. To mitigate the healthcare burden ensuing from NCDs, offering clear details about the dietary profile of merchandise is a recognised methodology to nudge customers to extra healthful foods and drinks choices and exert stress on producers to hold out reformulation to enhance the dietary profile of their merchandise [7,8]. At the least, many nations have necessary vitamin tables on the again of meals packaging [9], however the World Well being Group (WHO) moreover recommends front-of-pack vitamin labelling (FOPL) to advertise healthful diets and assist scale back NCD prevalence [10–13]. FOPL offers key dietary data, sometimes together with calorie, saturated fats, salt, and sugar content material, in a visual format [14], and plenty of nations have a voluntary FOPL system in place [15]. FOPL typically falls into 2 major classes—interpretive and noninterpretive. Interpretive labels current symbols, figures, or cautionary textual content to point the general healthfulness or nutrient content material of a product, such because the Nutri-Rating (NS) label [16], Chilean fashion warning labels [17], Well being Star Scores (Australia and New Zealand), and the “site visitors gentle” labelling system (TLS). For instance, the UK’s TLS has crimson (excessive), amber (medium), or inexperienced (low) labels to point ranges of whole fats, saturated fats, sugars, and salt [18]. Noninterpretive FOPL methods, such because the Guideline Each day Quantity, convey dietary content material as numbers relatively than graphics, symbols, or colors, permitting customers to create their very own judgements on healthfulness.
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