A systematic review and network meta-analysis

13 research had been included for the analysis of perceived effectiveness, whereas 8 research for the credibility evaluation (S5 Table and S3 Fig). TLS, NS, and HW had been all perceived efficient by shopper surveys (OR and 95% CI: TLS, 3.2 [1.43, 7.19]; NS, 3.92 [1.42, 10.8]; HW: 4.75 [1.03, 21.88]). Evaluating colour-coded labels towards the warning labels prompt that NS was believed to be simpler than NW. Not one of the FOPLs had been thought extra credible than the management group.

A number of self-reported measures had been utilized to guage the salience of labels, together with how conspicuous labels had been (10 research included utilizing self-reported rankings of the query “to what diploma to you suppose the label stands out”) and the way incessantly they had been seen (5 research assessed the frequency of contributors claiming that they seen the labels) and recalled (3 research evaluated if contributors accurately recalled the labels). TLS, NW, NW, and HW had been all seen extra incessantly than the management group (OR and 95% CI: TLS, 2.58 [1.65, 4.02]; NS, 5.65 [2.84, 11.22]; NW, 3.04 [1.87, 4.95]; HW, 6.09 [3, 12.36]). Solely NS was perceived to be conspicuous (7.53 [1.78, 31.89]) and was extra more likely to be recalled (3.46 [2.74, 4.37]) than the management. Evaluating colour-coded labels and warning labels confirmed that NS and HW was seen extra typically than different choices. NS was accurately recalled extra incessantly than TLS (S5 Table and S3 Fig).

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